The Evidence Meter

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Our method

The Evidence Meter

Consciousness research mixes solid findings, live controversies and bold speculation. We label every major claim so you always know which is which.

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The three grades

BadgeWhat it meansTypical basis
EstablishedBroad agreement among researchers; replicated findings.Multiple independent studies, reviews or meta-analyses, textbook consensus.
DebatedSupported by real evidence, but contested in interpretation or strength.Peer-reviewed studies with mixed results, small samples or competing explanations.
SpeculativeA coherent hypothesis or philosophical position without direct empirical support.Theoretical arguments, extrapolations, untested or untestable claims.

“Established-leaning” marks a theory or claim whose core findings are well replicated but whose interpretation is still discussed.

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What the grades are not

  • Not a verdict on truth. Speculative ideas can turn out right; established ones get revised.
  • Not a judgement of people. We grade claims, not researchers or traditions.
  • Not permanent. We update grades when significant new evidence is published, and note the change.

How we decide

  1. We start from primary sources: peer-reviewed papers, books by the researchers themselves, systematic reviews.
  2. We look for replication and for the strongest published criticism.
  3. When experts genuinely disagree, the claim is Debated, even if we have a view.

Read more in our editorial policy.