Sources

We rely first on primary sources: peer-reviewed articles, books by the researchers concerned, and systematic reviews. Every substantial article lists its sources, with at least two independent authoritative references. We link to researchers’ own official pages rather than paraphrasing them second-hand.

Fairness

We present each theory in its strongest form before discussing objections, and we give the strongest published criticisms. We cover ideas we consider unlikely when they are influential, and we say clearly where they stand.

The Evidence Meter

Major claims are graded Established, Debated or Speculative. See how the grades work.

Health topics

Articles touching on meditation, psychedelics, anaesthesia or near-death experiences are educational. We make no therapeutic claims, give no advice on drug use, and encourage readers to consult qualified professionals. Where an expert has reviewed an article, they are named on it.

No fabrication

We do not invent quotes, experts, testimonials, ratings or statistics. We do not claim to have “tested” anything we have not.

Corrections

If we get something wrong, we correct it promptly and update the article’s date. To report an error, use our contact page.

Commercial independence

Affiliate relationships, if any, never influence our coverage or grades. See our affiliate disclosure.